Royal Crown Derby
The Royal Crown Derby Porcelain Company is a porcelain manufacturer, based in Derby, England. The company, particularly known for its high-quality bone china, has produced tableware and ornamental items since approximately 1750.
1745 André Planché, a Huguenot immigrant from Saxony, settled in Derby.
1747-1755 Planché made soft-paste porcelain vases and figurines. The original factory was set up in Nottingham Road in about 1750, although before then production of china had taken place at the works at Cockpit Hill just outside the town (owned by the bankers Christopher and John Heath), as evidenced by a creamware jug dated 1750 now in the possession of the Victoria and Albert Museum.
1756 Planché formed a business partnership with William Duesbury (1725-1786), a porcelain painter formerly at Chelsea porcelain factory and Longton Hall, and the banker John Heath, manufacturing high quality china. This was the foundation of the Derby company.
Planché disappeared from the scene almost at once, and the business was developed by Duesbury and Heath. Sonn after the Heaths failed and Duesbury continued alone.
A talented entrepreneur, Duesbury developed a new paste which contained glass frit, soaprock and calcined bone. This enabled the factory to begin producing high-quality tableware. He quickly established Derby as a leading manufacturer of dinner services and figurines by employing the best talents available for modelling and painting. Figure painting was done by Richard Askew, particularly skilled at painting cupids, and James Banford. Zachariah Boreman and John Brewer painted landscapes, still-lifes, and pastorals. Intricate floral patterns were designed and painted by William Billingsley.
1770 Duesbury further increased the already high reputation of Derby by his acquisition of the famous Chelsea porcelain factory in London, which continued operating on its original site until 1784 (the products of this period are known as "Chelsea-Derby"), when he demolished the buildings and transferred the assets, including the stock, patterns and moulds, and many of the workmen, to Derby.
1773 Opened a warehouse in Covent Garden, London
1775 King George III granted the factory the privilege of incorporating the royal crown into the backstamp, after which the company was known as Crown Derby.
1776 Duesbury acquired the remainder of the formerly prestigious Bow porcelain factory, of which he also transferred the portable elements to Derby.
1777 Duesbury acquired the works and stock of Giles's manufactory in Kentish Town.
1786 William Duesbury died, leaving the company to his eldest son, William Duesbury II (1763-1796), also a talented director, who besides keeping the reputation of the company at its height, developed a number of new glazes and body types.
1797 William Duesbury II died, at the age of 34, and the company was taken over by his business partner, an Irishman named Michael Kean, who later married Duesbury's widow. He seems not to have enjoyed good relations with the highly skilled workforce, and many eminent artists left. Others however produced good work under his management, including Moses Webster, a flower painter who replaced Billingsley, Richard Dodson (who specialised in birds), George Robertson (land- and seascapes) and Cuthbert Lawton (hunting scenes).
1797 William Pegg, a Quaker, famed for his striking and idiosyncratic flower painting started at the company but his religious beliefs led him to the conclusion that painting was sinful and he left in 1800. He returned in 1813, but left again in 1820.
Despite much good work, the Kean period was disruptive and the company suffered financially.
This is not mentioned in DNB: William Duesbury III took over the factory and Kean having sold his interest to his father-in-law, William Duesbury's grandfather, named Sheffield, the concern continued under the name of Duesbury and Sheffield.
1815 (or 1810-11) The factory was leased to the firm's salesman and clerk, Robert Bloor - the Duesburys then played no further part in the works. Bloor borrowed heavily to be able to make the payments demanded but proved himself to be a highly able businessman in his ways of recouping losses and putting the business back on a sound financial footing. He also possessed a thorough appreciation of the aesthetic side of the business and, under him, the company produced china that was richly coloured and elegantly styled, including brightly coloured Japanese Imari patterns, generally featuring intricate geometric patterns layered with various floral designs. These designs proved extremely and lastingly popular - Derby continued to thrive.
1828 Bloor suffered a mental breakdown from which he never recovered. James Thomason took over the running of the business until 1844.
1846 Robert Bloor died at Hathern in Leicestershire on 11 March.
1846 The factory was taken over by his granddaughter, Mrs Thomas Clarke, who sold the concern to Samuel Boyle.
1848 The business failed and the Nottingham Road factory closed. The Cockpit Works were sold.
A group of former employees set up a factory in King Street in Derby, and continued to use the moulds, patterns and trademarks of the former business, although not the name, so keeping alive the Derby traditions of fine craftsmanship. No mechanical processes were used, and no two pieces produced were exactly the same. Among the items preserved was the original potter's wheel of the Duesburys, still owned by the present Royal Derby Company. See Old Crown Derby China Works.
1877 Mr. E. Phillips, formerly of the Worcester works, with Messrs. W. Litherland and J. McInnes, decided to revive the old glories of Derby china, and with this object the present company was formed. An impressive new factory was built by the new owners in Osmaston Road, Derby, thus beginning the modern period of Derby porcelain. Crown Derby’s patterns became immensely popular during the late Victorian era, as their romantic and lavish designs exactly met the popular taste of the period.
1890 Queen Victoria appointed Crown Derby to be "Manufacturers of porcelain to Her Majesty" and by Royal Warrant granted them the title The Royal Crown Derby Porcelain Company[1] [2].
1935 Royal Crown Derby acquired the King Street factory, thus reuniting the two strands of the business.
1963 Lawley Group acquired Derby Royal Crown Porcelain Co[3].
1964 The company became part of the Allied English Potteries Group, later to be joined by Royal Doulton.
2000 Hugh Gibson, a former director of Royal Doulton and a member of the Pearson family, led a buy-out, making Royal Crown Derby once again an independent and privately-owned concern.
2006 Royal Crown Derby employed about 300 people at the Osmaston Road works.
2012 Acquired by Steelite International, who would distribute Derby's fine china and porcelain to its hotel customers[4]
See Also
Sources of Information
- [2] Wikipedia
- Biography of Robert Bloor, ODNB
- Dictionary of National Biography, entry for William Duesbury