James Harrison (Australia)
James Harrison (1816 - 3 September 1893) was a Scottish born Australian newspaper printer, journalist, politician, and pioneer in the field of mechanical refrigeration.
1816 April. James Harrison was born at St Johns (near Renton), Dunbartonshire, Scotland, the son of a fisherman.
He trained as a printing apprentice in Glasgow and worked in London
1837 Emigrated to Sydney, Australia to set up a printing press for the English company Tegg and Co.
1839 Moving to Melbourne he found employment with John Pascoe Fawkner as a compositor and later editor on Fawkner's Port Phillip Patriot. When Fawkner acquired a new press, Harrison offered him 30 pounds for the original old press to start Geelong's first newspaper. The first weekly edition of the Geelong Advertiser appeared November 1840: edited by 'James Harrison and printed and published for John Pascoe Fawkner (sole proprietor) by William Watkins...'.
By November 1842, Harrison became sole owner.....
Harrison was a member of Geelong's first town council in 1850 and represented Geelong and Geelong West in the Victorian Legislative Assembly in 1859-60. As an editor he was an early advocate for tariff protection which later he brought to prominence when he was editor of The Age under the proprietorship of David Syme. But his rise ceased abruptly in 1854 after a controversial libel suit was brought against him by the Crown Prosecutor George Mackay whose evident drunkenness on duty Harrison had editorially deplored. The jury brought in a verdict for Mackay with Harrison to pay £800 damages.
In 1862, although his assets were worth £22,000, he had to sell the Advertiser to escape bankruptcy.
It was while he owned this paper from 1842 to 1862 that his interest in refrigeration and ice-making began to develop. Whilst cleaning movable type with ether, he noticed that the evaporating fluid would leave the metal type cold to the touch. [edit]Ice-making operation and later life
Harrison's first mechanical ice-making machine began operation in 1851 on the banks of the Barwon River at Rocky Point in Geelong.
1854 His first commercial ice-making machine followed, and his patent for an ether vapor-compression refrigeration system was granted in 1855. This novel system used a compressor to force the refrigeration gas to pass through a condenser, where it cooled down and liquefied. The liquefied gas then circulated through the refrigeration coils and vaporised again, cooling down the surrounding system. The machine employed a 16 ft flywheel and produced 6,600 lb of ice per day.
Though Harrison had commercial success establishing a second ice company back in Sydney in 1860, he later entered the debate of how to compete against the American advantage of un-refrigerated beef sales to the United Kingdom. He wrote Fresh Meat frozen and packed as if for a voyage, so that the refrigerating process may be continued for any required period, and in 1873 prepared the sailing ship Norfolk for an experimental beef shipment to the United Kingdom. His choice of a cold room system instead of installing a refrigeration system upon the ship itself proved disastrous when the ice was consumed faster than expected. The experiment failed, ruining public confidence in refrigerated meat at that time.
He returned to journalism, becoming editor of the Melbourne Age in 1867.
Harrison returned to Geelong in 1892 and died at his Point Henry home in 1893.