J. Lyons and Co
Joseph Lyons and Co was a British company which controlled the largest food empire in the 1930s.
of Cadby Hall, Hammersmith, London
The company was founded by Isidore and Samuel Montague Gluckstein, Barnett Salmon (formerly Solomons) and Joseph Lyons. The niece and nephew of the Gluckstein brothers were Hannah Gluckstein, a painter; and Louis Gluckstein, a Conservative politician.
1887 Joseph Lyons ran a tea pavilion at the 1887 Newcastle Exhibition[1]. A private company was formed to develop the Gluckstein and Salmon families' catering interests under Joseph Lyons. The firm organized catering at the 1888 Glasgow International Exhibition and the 1889 Paris Exhibition, and then took over the catering at Olympia and the Crystal Palace.
1894 A public company, J. Lyons and Co was formed. The first teashop was opened in Piccadilly, London, and others followed.
Joseph Lyons and Co were best known for their chain of tea shops and for the Lyons Corner Houses in the West End of London. The tea shops were slightly more up-market than their ABC (Aerated Bread Co) counterparts. They were notable for their interior design, from the 1920s Oliver P. Bernard being consultant artistic director. Until the 1940s they had a certain working-class chic, but by the 1950s and 60s they were quick stops for busy shoppers where one could get a cup of tea and a snack or a cheap and filling meal. The tea shops always had a bakery counter at the front, and their signs, art nouveau gold lettering on white, were a familiar landmark. Before the Second World War service was to the table by uniformed waitresses, known as 'Nippies', but after the War the tea shops converted to cafeteria service.
It had a large central Checking Department at its headquarters in Cadby Hall, Hammersmith, London with hundreds of clerks and mechanical Burroughs adding machines to run this empire.
1909 The first of the Corner Houses appeared in 1909; these restaurants were noted for their art deco style. Situated on or near the corner of Coventry Street, the Strand and Tottenham Court Road, they and the Maison Lyons at Marble Arch and in Shaftesbury Avenue were large buildings on four or five floors, the ground floor of which was a food hall with counters for delicatessen, sweets and chocolates, cakes, fruit, flowers and more. As well as this they had hairdressing salons, telephone booths, theatre booking agencies and at one period a twice-a-day food delivery service. On the other floors were several restaurants, each with a different theme and all with their own musicians.
For a time the Corner Houses were open 24 hours a day, and in their heyday each one employed in the region of 400 staff. They were colourful and bustling, with bright lights and ingenious window displays. In the post-war gloom, the Corner Houses, smarter and grander than the local tea shops, provided a degree of escapist relaxation.
Between 1896 and 1965 Lyons also owned the Trocadero, which was similar in size and style to the Corner Houses.
As well as the tea shops and Corner Houses, Lyons ran other large restaurants such as the Throgmorton in Throgmorton Street. Their chains have included Steak Houses (1961-1988), Wimpy Bars (1953-1976) and Dunkin' Donuts (1989-).
1915 The Regent Palace Hotel, London, Glasshouse Street, London , operated by the Strand Hotel Limited, a subsidiary of J. Lyons and Company, opened on 16th May, 1915.
1918 Acquired controlling shares of W. H. and F. J. Horniman and Co and also Black and Green.[2]
1920s Lyons began manufacturing and distributing ice cream, initially to its own chain of teashops and later to retail outlets.
1921 Lyons Ice Brick; Delicious Cream Ices. A special freezing process and ... packing ensures a condition two hours after purchase.[3]
c.1926 it set up a wholesale ice cream business selling ice cream manufactured at its Cadby Hall, London, factory to retail outlets, throughout the country to which it provided free refrigerated cabinets on condition they only stocked Lyons ice cream.
1926 Lyons' Ice cream bricks were advertised as available in a shop in Richmond, Surrey[4] amongst other places.
1929 Lyons held a Royal Warrant to the Prince of Wales as caterers
1938 Lyons purchased the Bee Bee Biscuit Co, which manufactured biscuits at its factories in Blackpool. Six years later, Lyons changed Bee Bee Biscuit's name to Symbol Biscuits and began selling biscuits under the Symbol and Lyons brand names.
By 1939 production of ice cream reached an approximate annual figure of 3 million gallons.
The rearmament period just before World War II saw a big expansion in the number of Royal Ordnance Factories, (ROFs), which were UK government-owned. However, due to shortages of management resources some ROFs were run as Agency Factories; J. Lyons and Co. ran at least one ROF: ROF Elstow [5]. The management and stock control systems needed in the ROFs, in respect of control of raw materials and "perishable" finished products, were somewhat similar to those used in the catering business; and Joseph Lyons was ideally suited to this task. They did not appear to have any involvement in managing these after 1945, when the ROFs started to run down.
Post-WWII Lyons began making and selling ice cream again.
Joseph Lyons's top management, with its background in the use of mechanical adding machines, saw the potential of the new electrical computers for organising the distribution of cakes and other highly perishable goods.
1947 Oliver Standingford and Raymond Thompson were sent to the US on a fact-finding tour to learn about early computers used by the military where they met with Herman Goldstine, one of the creators of the ENIAC computer.
1947 Acquired the ice cream business of Walkers Dairies Limited of Liverpool,
1949 They began work on their own computer with a team of twenty. Two key members were John Pinkerton, an electronics engineer, and David Caminer, an early systems analyst.
1951 Acquired Glacier Foods Limited (manufacturing ice lollies at Maidenhead)
1951 They built their own programmable digital computer and became the first user of these in businesses, with the LEO I digital computer (the Lyons Electronic Office I), designed and built under the leadership of John Simmons. It handled the company's accounts and logistics. Lyons also factored in the weather forecast to influence the goods carried by their "fresh produce" delivery vans.
1952 Lyons introduced frozen cooked foods under the brand name Frood[6]
1954 Acquired the ice cream business of Massarellas Supplies Limited at Doncaster.
Closed the ice-cream factories of the new subsidiaries except for Liverpool; production was concentrated at Liverpool.
1954 Lyons established the first Wimpy Bar at the Lyons Corner House in Coventry Street, London. Originally the bar was a special fast-food section within the more traditional Corner House restaurants, but the success soon led to the establishment of separate Wimpy restaurants serving only hamburger-based meals.
1957 A new ice cream factory was established at Bridge Park, Greenford, which was gradually extended thereafter.
By the end of the 1950s Lyons was a national brand of ice cream. At that time the two other national brands were those of Wall's and of the Eldorado Ice Cream Company Limited, owned by the Union International Co Ltd, who had been Lyons' principal competitors pre-war, selling from fleets of box tricycles.
1959 Lyons obtained from Mister Softee International Limited, a subsidiary of Mister Softee Inc, exclusive rights to manufacture and distribute in the United Kingdom 'Mister Softee' soft ice cream mix (sold only to mobile vehicles) and from Tastee-Freez International Inc certain soft ice cream rights in respect of static sites under the name of 'Tastee-Freez'.
1962 The ice cream industry had been over-optimistic about its growth prospects. As a consequence, Lyons merged its ice cream business with that of Union International Co[7] as Glacier Foods, a Lyons subsidiary, and that of another substantial manufacturer, Neilsons Ice Cream and Frozen Foods, which it acquired from ABF. It was hoped this would construct a national ice cream brand to compete on nearly equal terms with the dominant Wall's brand.
1962 Acquired the Birkenhead cake factory of Wrights Cakes as their parent company wa getting out of cakes.
1963 Merger of frozen food interests: Fropax, Frood and Eskimo. Associated Fisheries acquired a 20 percent interest in Glacier Foods and held 20 percent of the equity in Fropax; Union International Co continued to control Fropax; J Lyons continued to control Glacier Foods; Fropax acquired Eskimo Foods[8]
1960s The company was losing money in the 1960s but remained under the control of the Salmon family, descended from the founding partner. Lyons began to close some of its London tea shops and hotels; in 1963 it also merged its LEO Computers business with English Electric's computer interests to form the jointly-owned English Electric LEO Co.
In 1964, Lyons sold their half-stake in English Electric LEO Co; English Electric merged the company with Marconi's computer interests to form English Electric LEO Marconi Computers. A continuing problem in the UK computer industry was both lack of investment capital and competition with much larger USA computer companies, such as IBM. English Electric LEO Marconi Computers became International Computers Limited, (ICL), but ICL has now also disappeared as a UK computer company.
1964 Sold the frozen foods business to Fropax
1966 Formed Catering Sales Ltd, a new subsidiary to develop further the business carried on by the Catering Industries Department of the Tea Division selling special teas and coffee to industry[9]
1969 Acquired W. Symington and Co, maker of soups. Acquired Chalmar Holdings, which operated under the Margetts brand, maker of pie fillings and preserves. These companies' products would be sold, together with Lyons own products, through Lyons' Catering Sales[10]
1972 Merger of Lyons Groceries Ltd. and Tetley Tea Co.[11] forming Lyons Tetley[12]
1974 Acquired Hales Trent Cakes
1977 The last of the Corner Houses was closed
1978 Lyons was acquired by Allied Breweries and became part of the resulting Allied Lyons.
1981 The last of the tea shops was closed
Late 1980s Lyons fell on hard times and was sold, eventually being broken up with its ice cream and ice lolly products, which were branded as Lyons Maid, being sold to Nestlé. Other parts that were sold off included Lyons Cakes, sold to RHM which ended up as part of their Manor Bakeries subsidiary, which also made Mr Kipling's Cakes; Ready Brek cereal ending up being owned by Weetabix.
1990 Lyons changed the name of Symbol Biscuits to Lyons Biscuits Ltd.
At the end of 1994, Lyons sold Lyons Biscuits Ltd. to Hillsdown Holdings, which later sold it to a U.S. investment firm which subsequently sold it to large biscuit manufacturer Burton's Foods Ltd.
See Also
Sources of Information
- ↑ The First Food Empire: A History of J Lyons and Co., by Peter Bird, 2000
- ↑ Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer - Tuesday 11 June 1918
- ↑ Liverpool Echo 24 June 1921
- ↑ Richmond Herald 03 July 1926
- ↑ Bates, 1946
- ↑ The Times July 8, 1952
- ↑ The Times Feb. 8, 1963
- ↑ The Times Oct. 25, 1963
- ↑ The Times June 19, 1967
- ↑ The Times Apr. 9, 1969
- ↑ Southall Gazette 21 March 1975
- ↑ Nottingham Guardian 23 December 1972
- [1] Wikipedia
- Daily Telegraph 10th November 2011