Category:Bridges and Viaducts
From Graces Guide
Subcategories
This category has the following 8 subcategories, out of 8 total.
Pages in category "Bridges and Viaducts"
The following 843 pages are in this category, out of 843 total.
A
- Aaron Brute's Bridge, Blaenavon
- Abercamlais Suspension Bridge
- Aberdulais Aqueduct and Viaduct
- Abermule Bridge
- Aberpergwm Aqueduct
- Abingdon: Iron Bridge over River Ock
- Abu-Deleig Bridge
- Acton Swing Bridge
- Aire Bridge
- Albert Bridge
- Albert Bridge (Glasgow)
- Albert Bridge, Adelaide
- Albert Bridge, Belfast
- Albert Dock Swing Bridge
- Albert Edward Bridge
- Albula Railway
- Alloa Tramroad
- Almond Aqueduct
- Alston Arches Viaduct
- Andresey Bridge
- Angarrack Viaduct
- Anker Viaduct
- Apperley Viaduct
- Appersett Viaduct
- Appleford Railway Bridge
- Arnside River Kent Viaduct
- Arten Gill Viaduct
- Arun Railway Drawbridge
- Ashford Carbonell Bridge
- Ashton Swing Bridge
- Atcham Bridge, Shropshire
- Athlone Railway Bridge
- Attock Bridge
- Avon Aqueduct, Linlithgow
- Avon Bridge
- Avoncliff Aqueduct
B
- Bagber Bridge
- Bailey Bridge
- Balder Viaduct
- Ballochmyle Viaduct
- Bally Khal Bridge (India)
- Baltimore Bridge Co
- Bankah Bridge
- Barentin Viaduct
- Barmouth Viaduct
- Barnes Bridge
- Barnsley Viaduct
- Barrington's Bridge
- Barrow Bridge
- Barton High-Level Bridge
- Barton Swing Aqueduct
- Bascule Bridge, Norwich
- Bath Road Viaduct
- Bath Spa Railway Bridges
- Battersea Bridge
- Battersea Railway Bridge
- Batty Moss Viaduct
- Beas Bridge
- Bedminster Bridge
- Beelah Viaduct
- Belah Viaduct
- Belmont Viaduct
- Bennerley Viaduct
- Berry Lane Viaduct
- Berwick Old Bridge
- Bevere Bridge
- Bewdley Bridge
- Bickleigh Viaduct
- Bigsweir Bridge
- Bilston Glen Viaduct
- Bittaford Viaduct
- Bitton Bridge
- Blachford Viaduct
- Black Potts Railway Bridge
- Blackfriars Bridge
- Blackfriars Railway Bridge
- Blackwater Viaduct
- Blaencwm Viaduct
- Blake's Bridge, Reading
- Bolitho Viaduct
- Bonar Bridge
- Bonnington Aqueduct
- Borle Brook Iron Bridge
- Borrodale Viaduct
- Bourne End Railway Bridge
- Bow Bridge, Rotherham
- Bow Creek Bridge
- Boyne Viaduct
- Brabyns Park Iron Bridge
- Brecon Viaduct
- Brent Eleigh Bridge
- Brent Viaduct
- Bridge of Oich
- Bridges of Bath
- Bridgewater Canal Bridge
- Bridgnorth Bridge
- Bridgwater Telescopic Bridge
- Bridgwater Town Bridge
- Brigham Bridge
- Britannia Bridge
- Brithdir Aqueduct
- Broadsands Viaduct
- Buildwas Bridge
- Bullbridge Aqueduct
- Burdwan Viaduct
- Burgh West Bridge
- Burnstones Viaduct
- Bushey Arches
- Butt Bridge (1879), Dublin
C
- Caerhowel Bridge
- Calder Grove Viaduct
- Calstock Viaduct
- Cammeray Bridge, Sydney
- Camps Viaduct
- Cann Viaduct
- Cannington Viaduct
- Cannon Street Railway Bridge
- Cantlop Bridge
- Carbis Bay Viaduct
- Carlton Place Suspension Bridge
- Carmarthan Span Bridge
- Carnon Viaduct
- Cartland Crags Bridge, Lanark
- Cartuther Viaduct
- Carvedras Viaduct
- Castle Grant Bridge
- Castle Hill Viaduct
- Castlefield Viaduct
- Castlefield Viaducts (Manchester)
- Caunsall iron bridge
- Cawnpore Bridge
- Cefn Coed Viaduct
- Chapel Milton Viaduct
- Chappel Viaduct
- Charing Cross Railway Bridge
- Charles Macdonald
- Charlottenburg Iron Bridge
- Charlton Viaduct
- Chelfham Viaduct
- Chelmsford Viaduct
- Chelsea Bridge
- Cheltenham Road Viaduct (Bristol)
- Chenab Bridge
- Chepstow Bridge
- Chepstow Railway Bridge
- Chesterfield Viaduct
- Chetwynd Bridge
- Chickenhall Bridge
- Chippenham Viaduct
- Chirk Aqueduct
- Chirk Viaduct
- Chiswick Bridge
- Chittrawutty Bridge
- Chollerton Bridge
- City Union Railway Bridge (Glasgow)
- Clachan Bridge
- Claverton Street Viaduct
- Cleveland Bridge
- Clifton Aqueduct
- Clifton Suspension Bridge
- Clifton Viaduct
- Clinnick Viaduct
- Clydach Brook Aqueduct, Resolven
- Coalport Bridge
- Cogload Junction Bridge
- Coldrennick Viaduct
- Coldstream Bridge
- Colenso Bridge
- Collegewood Viaduct
- Colonnade Viaduct
- Congleton Viaduct
- Connel Ferry Bridge
- Conway Bridge
- Conwy Railway Bridge
- Coombe by Saltash Viaduct
- Coombe St Stephens Viaduct
- Coombs Road Bridge
- Coronation Bridge (Teesta)
- Cosgrove Aqueduct
- Coslany Bridge
- Cound Arbour Bridge
- Cound Bridge
- Coundarbour Bridge
- Cox Viaduct
- Craigavon Bridge
- Craigellachie Bridge
- Crimple Valley Viaduct
- Croal Viaduct
- Croeserw Viaduct
- Croome Park
- Cross Keys Swing Bridge
- Croydon and Norwood Viaduct
- Crumlin Viaduct
- Culford Hall Bridge
- Cullen Viaduct
- Cullingworth Viaduct
- Cumberland Basin Bridges (Bristol)
- Cwm Prysor Viaduct
- Cwmcarn Viaduct
- Cymmer Viaduct
D
- Daisyfield Viaduct
- Dale Street Canal Bridge (Manchester)
- Damside Aqueduct
- Dandry Mire Viaduct
- Dandrymire Viaduct
- Darcy Lever Viaduct
- Dean Bridge, Edinburgh
- Dee Bridge
- Dee Railway Bridge
- Dee Viaduct
- Deepdale Viaduct
- Denby Dale Viaduct
- Dent Head Viaduct
- Derrycombe Viaduct
- Dessouk Bridge
- Digswell Viaduct
- Dinting Viaduct
- Doctor's Bridge (Runcorn)
- Dollis Brook Viaduct
- Dom Luiz 1 Bridge
- Doublebois Railway Station
- Dowery Dell Viaduct
- Dowley Gap Aqueduct
- Draethen Iron Bridge
- Draw Wood Viaduct
- Drury Dam Viaduct
- Drypool Bridge (Hull)
- Duddo Burn Viaduct
- Duddon Sands Viaduct
- Dufferin Bridge
- Duke's Palace Bridge, Norwich
- Dulnain Viaduct
- Dundas Aqueduct
- Dunham Bridge
- Dunkeld Bridge
- Dutton Viaduct
- Dykesfield Bridge
E
F
- Fal Viaduct
- Farmer's Arms Aqueduct
- Filleigh Viaduct
- Findhorn Bridge
- Findhorn Viaduct
- First Bridge, Cullompton
- Firth Viaduct
- Fitzroy Bridge, Rockhampton
- Folkestone Viaduct
- Fontburn Viaduct
- Foorde Road Viaduct
- Forder Viaduct
- Forth Bridge
- Forth Road Bridge
- Frimley Aqueduct
- Frodingham Viaduct
- Frodsham Viaduct
- Fulham Railway Bridge
G
- Gallows Bridge
- Galton Bridge
- Gaol Ferry Bridge (Bristol)
- Garndiffaith Viaduct
- Gasworks Bridge (Sowerby Bridge)
- Gatehampton Railway Bridge
- Giffenmill Viaduct
- Giltbrook Viaduct
- Glaisnock Viaduct
- Glasgow Botanic Gardens: Iron footbridge
- Glasgow Bridge
- Glasgow Central Station Bridge
- Glasinfryn Viaduct
- Glasson Bridge
- Glaze Viaduct
- Glen Loy Aqueduct
- Glenfarg Viaduct
- Glenfinnan Viaduct
- Glenmuir Viaduct
- Goldielea Viaduct
- Goonbell Viaduct
- Goraie Bridge
- Gover Viaduct
- Great Western Bridge (Glasgow)
- Gree Viaduct
- Greenbank Aqueduct
- Grosvenor Bridge
- Grosvenor Bridge (Tunbridge Wells)
- Grosvenor Bridge, Chester
- Grove Viaduct
- Guildford Viaduct
H
- Halberton Aqueduct
- Ham Green Viaduct
- Hammersmith Bridge
- Hampton Court Bridge
- Hampton Lucy Bridge
- Hanwell Viaduct
- Harringworth Viaduct
- Haughhead Viaduct
- Hawarden Swing Bridge
- Hawkesbury Bridge
- Hayhurst Bridge
- Hayle Swing Bridge
- Hayle Viaduct
- Headstone Viaduct
- Healey Dell Viaduct
- Hellesdon Bridge
- Helmshore Viaduct
- Hengoed Viaduct
- Hewenden Viaduct
- Hexham Bridge
- High Bridge, Lincoln
- High Level Bridge, Newcastle
- Hockley Viaduct
- Holborn Viaduct
- Holliday Street Aqueduct
- Holmes Aqueduct
- Holt Fleet Bridge
- Holywell Green Viaduct
- Honing Bridge
- Hooghly Bridge
- Hookhills Viaduct
- Horkstow Bridge
- Horsburgh Viaduct
- Horsehay Co
- Hownes Gill Viaduct
- Howrah Bridge
- Howrah Pontoon Bridge
- Huckford Viaduct
- Humber Bridge
- Hungerford Bridge
- Hutchesontown Bridge
- Hutchesontown Bridge, Glasgow
I
J
K
- Keekle Viaduct
- Kelston Bridge, Bath
- Kelston Park Railway Bridge (Bath)
- Kendrum Viaduct, Stirling
- Kennington Railway Bridge
- Kensington and Richmond Railway Bridge
- Kerne Bridge
- Kew Bridge
- Kew Railway Bridge
- Keyham Viaduct
- Khartoum-Omdurman Bridge
- Kielder Viaduct
- King Edward Bridge, Newcastle-upon-Tyne
- King George V. Bridge
- King George VI Bridge
- King's Ferry Bridge
- King's Langley Bridge
- King's Mill Viaduct
- Kings Bridge, Launceston, Tasmania
- Kings Weston Footbridge
- Kingsferry Bridge
- Kingston Bridge
- Kingston Railway Bridge
- Kistna Bridge
- Knar Burn Viaduct
L
- Laasan Bridge (Poland)
- Lady Down Aqueduct
- Ladykirk and Norham Bridge
- Laigh Milton Viaduct
- Laira Bridge
- Lambeth Bridge
- Lambley Viaduct
- Landore Viaduct
- Landwasser Viaduct
- Langley Viaduct
- Langport Railway Hotel Swing Bridge
- Largin Viaduct
- Larkhill Viaduct
- Larpool Viaduct
- Lasswade Viaduct
- Leaderfoot Viaduct
- Leahurst Aqueduct
- Leamington Lift Bridge (Edinburgh)
- Lee Moor Tramway Bridge
- Leeds Bridge
- Lendal Bridge
- Lewes and Uckfield Railway: Bridges
- Lichfield Canal Aqueduct
- Liffey Bridge
- Lifting Span Bridge - Great Yarmouth
- Limpopo Bridge
- Linlathen East Iron Bridge
- Linn Park Bridge
- Liskeard Railway Station
- Liskeard Viaduct
- Littlehampton Swing Bridge
- Llandinam Bridge
- LLandulas Viaduct
- Llandulas Viaduct
- Llangynidr Bridge
- Llanrwst Bridge
- Lledan Brook Aqueduct
- Lob Ghyll Viaduct
- Loch Ken Viaduct
- Lochtobel Viaduct
- Lodge Causeway Bridge
- Logierait Bridge
- London Bridge
- London Road Viaduct
- Londonderry Bridge
- Longdon-on-Tern Aqueduct
- Longwood Viaduct
- Loughor Railway Viaduct
- Lower Lydbrook Viaduct
- Lowgill Viaduct
- Lumb Viaduct
- Lune Aqueduct
- Lune Viaduct, Lancaster
- Lune Viaduct, Sedberg
- Luxulyan Valley
- Lyne Viaduct
- Lynn Bridge
M
- Mabey and Johnson
- Magdalene Bridge
- Magpie Viaduct
- Maidenhead Railway Bridge
- Maidstone Bridge
- Malahide Viaduct
- Manchester Piccadilly Railway Bridges
- Manchester Victoria Station Bridges
- Mansfield Viaduct
- Maria Pia Bridge
- Marlow Bridge
- Marple Aqueduct
- Martholme Viaduct
- Mavesyn Ridware Bridge
- Meldon Viaduct
- Menai Bridge
- Menangle Viaduct
- Meole Brace Bridge
- Merrygill Viaduct
- Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge
- Midford Viaduct
- Midland Bridge (Bath)
- Mildura Bridge
- Miles Glacier Bridge
- Miller's Dale Viaduct
- Milltown Viaduct
- Milton Regis Viaduct
- Milton Viaduct
- Monsal Dale Viaduct
- Montford Bridge
- Moorecock Viaduct
- Moorswater Viaduct
- Moulsford Railway Bridge
- Moulton Bridge
- Murtry Aqueduct
- Muttner Bridge
- Mythe Bridge
- Mytholme Viaduct
- Myton Bridge
N
- Naini Bridge
- Nairn Viaduct
- Nantwich Aqueduct
- Neidpath Viaduct
- Nene Viaduct
- Nerbudda Bridge
- Ness Islands Footbridges
- New Bridge, or Newton Bridge (Bath)
- New Conway Bridge
- New Quebec Bridge
- Newark Dyke Bridge
- Newbattle Viaduct
- Newbiggin Dene Viaduct
- Newbridge Railway Bridge (Bath)
- Newhaven Swing Bridge (1866-1976)
- Newport Bridge
- Transporter Bridge, Newport
- Newton Cap Viaduct
- Newtown Viaduct
- Nidd Aqueduct
- Nith Viaduct
- Norbury Viaduct
- North Bridge (Hull)
- North Bridge at Edinburgh Waverley
- North Parade Bridge, Bath
- North Water Viaduct
- Northwich Town Swing Bridge
- Northwich Viaduct
- Noss Viaduct
- Nottar Viaduct
- Nuneham Railway Bridge
- Nynehead Aqueduct
O
P
- Paddock Viaduct
- Par Viaduct
- Park Bridge Viaduct
- Parkhead Viaduct
- Partick Bridge
- Pascoe Viaduct
- Peel Street Bridge (Bristol)
- Penadlake Viaduct
- Penallt Bridge
- Penallt Viaduct
- Penistone Viaduct
- Penkridge Viaduct
- Pennorth Road Bridge
- Pennycomequick Viaduct
- Penponds Viaduct
- Penryn Viaduct
- Pensford Bridges
- Pensford Viaduct
- Penwithers Viaduct
- Penzance Viaduct
- Percy Beck Viaduct
- Perran Viaduct
- Phoenix Bridge Co
- Pilmore Bridge, Darlington
- Pitnall Tramway Bridge
- Pittsburgh Bridge, USA
- Podgill Viaduct
- Point Burn Viaduct
- Ponsanooth Viaduct
- Pont Rhythallt Bridge
- Pont Victor Emmanuel
- Pontcysyllte Aqueduct
- Ponte delle Sirenette
- Ponte Pensil (Porto)
- Pontrhydyfen Viaduct
- Pontsmill Viaduct
- Pontycafnau Bridge
- Pontypridd Old Bridge
- Pontypridd Rail Bridge
- Port Dundas Swing Bridge
- Porthkerrry Viaduct
- Powick Bridge
- Prestolee Aqueduct
- Preston Road Viaduct
- Primrose Street Railway Bridge
- Prince Street Swing Bridge (Bristol)
- Princes Bridge, Melbourne
- Probus Viaduct
- Publow Mill
- Pulteney Bridge
- Purton Bridge
- Putney Bridge
- Pwll-y-pant Viaduct
- Pyrmont Bridge, Sydney
Q
R
- R102 Bridge
- Radcliffe Viaduct
- Raheny Bridge
- Rajghat Bridge
- Ravenshore Viaduct
- Rectory Junction Viaduct
- Redbridge Viaduct
- Redheugh Bridge
- Redruth Viaduct
- Regent's Bridge
- Regents Canal: Bridges
- Ribblehead Viaduct
- Richmond Bridge, London
- Richmond Railway Bridge
- Riddings Viaduct
- Ringwell Viaduct
- Rispin Cleugh Viaduct
- River Amber Bridge
- River Hamble Viaduct
- River Lagan Bridge
- River Seiont Swing Bridge
- River Wear Bridge
- Riverford Viaduct
- Robertstown Bridge
- Rochester Bridge
- Rochester River Bridge
- Rockmill Viaduct
- Rory O'More Bridge
- Rossie Viaduct
- Rothiemay Railway Bridge
- Rowsley Viaduct
- Royal Albert Bridge
- Royal Border Bridge
- Royal Tweed Bridge
- Rugby Viaduct
- Runcorn Bridge
- Runcorn Gap Viaduct
- Runcorn Railway Bridge
S
- Saddleworth Viaduct
- Salford Station Bridges
- Salterhebble Viaduct
- Sankey Viaduct
- Scamell's Bridge
- Scotswood Suspension Bridge
- Sculcoates Bridge
- Selby Swing Bridge
- Semington Aqueduct
- Severn Railway Bridge
- Severn Road Bridge
- Seán Heuston Bridge
- Shankend Viaduct
- Shannonbridge Swing Bridge
- Shepton Mallet Viaduct
- Shillamill Viaduct
- Shiplake Railway Bridge
- Shugborough Hall Bridges
- Siee Ho Bridge
- Silver Jubilee Bridge, Runcorn
- Six Arches Viaduct
- Skeldergate Bridge
- Skerne Bridge
- Skerton Bridge, Lancaster
- Slade Viaduct
- Slapewath Viaduct
- Slateford Aqueduct, Edinburgh
- Slochd Viaduct
- Smardale Gill Viaduct
- Smardale Viaduct
- Smart's Bridge
- Smuggler's Lane Viaduct
- Snodland Bridge
- Soane Bridge
- Solway Firth Viaduct
- Somerset Bridge
- Sontley Bridge
- Soper's Viaduct
- Southease Swing Bridge
- Southwark Bridge
- Spa Bridge, Scarborough
- Spanish Town Bridge (Jamaica)
- Spetchley Park Gardens
- Spey Viaduct
- Springfield Lane Bridge (Salford)
- St Olave's Bridge
- St Thomas Viaduct
- St. Andrew's Suspension Bridge
- St. Augustine's Bridge
- St. Austell Viaduct
- St. Germans Viaduct
- St. Julian's Railway Bridge
- St. Paul's Bridge, London
- St. Pinnock Viaduct
- St. Saviour's Bridge (Ottery St. Mary)
- Staines Railway Bridge
- Stalybridge Aqueduct
- Stambermill Viaduct
- Stamford Bridge Viaduct
- Stanford Bridge
- Stanley Dock Lifting Bridge
- Stanley Embankment
- Stanley Ferry Aqueduct
- Stapenhill Ferry Bridge
- Stewart Aqueduct
- Stobs Viaduct
- Stockingfield Aqueduct
- Stockport Viaduct
- Stokesay Iron Bridge
- Stonehouse Pool Viaduct
- Stoodleigh Bridge
- Store Street Aqueduct
- Stourport Bridge
- Stowell Park Footbridge
- Stratfield Saye Bridge
- Stretton Aqueduct
- Stroan Viaduct
- Sturmer Arches
- Sukkur Bridge
- Sutlej Bridge (Bhauwulpoor)
- Sutlej Bridge (Loodianah)
- Sutton Bridge
- Sutton Bridge Dock Co
- Sutton Weaver Swing Bridge
- Sutton Weaver Viaduct
- Swing Bridge, Newcastle
- Sydney Gardens Bridges, Bath
- Sydney Harbour Bridge
T
- T. J. Waters
- Tadcaster Viaduct
- Tamar Suspension Bridge
- Tannah Viaduct (Eastern)
- Taptee (Surat) Bridge
- Taptee Viaduct
- Tavy Bridge
- Tay Bridge
- Tay Road Bridge
- Tees Suspension Bridge
- Tees Vertical Lift Drawbridge
- Telford Footbridge at St. Katharine Docks
- Teviot Viaduct
- Thetford Town Bridge
- Thirlmere Aqueduct (Salford)
- Thornton Viaduct
- Three Bridges
- Throstle Nest Bridge
- Tickford Bridge
- Tientsin Swing Bridge
- Timberley Viaduct
- Tinsley Viaduct
- Todmorden - Gauxholme No. 1 Viaduct
- Todmorden - Gauxholme No. 2 Viaduct
- Todmorden - Lydgate Viaduct
- Todmorden Viaduct
- Tomatin Viaduct
- Tone Aqueduct
- Tongland Bridge
- Tonse Bridge
- Toongabudra Bridge
- Torkham Bridge
- Torksey Bridge
- Torksey Viaduct
- Torridge Bridge, Bideford
- Tower Bridge, London
- Towy Bridge, Carmarthen
- Tramway Bridge, Stratford-upon-Avon
- Traneberg Arch Bridge
- Treffry Viaduct
- Tregarn Viaduct
- Tregarne Viaduct
- Tregeagle Viaduct
- Trenanace Viaduct
- Trenance Viaduct
- Trent Aqueduct
- Trent Bridge
- Tresulgan Viaduct
- Trevido Viaduct
- Trowse Swing Bridge
- Truro Viaduct
- Tucking Mill Viaduct
- Turfbeg Bridge
- Twerton Viaduct
- Twickenham Bridge
- Twizel Bridge
- Twizel Viaduct
- Twrch Aqueduct
- Twyford Viaduct
- Tyne Bridge, Newcastle
U
V
- Vauxhall Bridge
- Vauxhall Bridge (Bristol)
- Vauxhall Bridge (Great Yarmouth)
- Vazon Sliding Railway Bridge
- Vernaison Bridge
- Versam Bridge
- Victoria Bridge, Bath
- Victoria Bridge, Hereford
- Victoria Bridge, Worcestershire
- Victoria Falls Bridge
- Victoria Railway Bridge
- Victoria Swing Bridge (Leith)
- Victoria Viaduct
- Vyrnwy Aqueduct
W
- Walker Bridge (Edinburgh)
- Walkham Viaduct
- Walney Island Bridge, Barrow-in-Furness
- Walton Hall Bridge
- Wandsworth Bridge
- Warburton Bridge
- Warmsworth Bridge
- Warrington Transporter Bridge
- Warwick and Napton Canal Aqueducts
- Waterhead Viaduct
- Waterloo Bridge (Runcorn)
- Waterloo Bridge (Salford)
- Waterloo Bridge, Betws-y-Coed
- Waterloo Bridge, London
- Watford Arches
- Wearmouth Bridge
- Weaver Navigation Swing Bridge
- Weaver Viaduct
- Welland Viaduct
- Wellingborough Viaduct
- Wellington Bridge
- Welney Suspension Bridge
- Welwyn Viaduct
- West Auckland Bridge
- West Largin Viaduct
- West Vale Viaduct
- Westfield Viaduct
- Westminster Bridge, London
- Weston Mill Viaduct
- Westwood Viaduct
- Wetheral Viaduct
- Weymouth Harbour Bridge
- Whalley Viaduct
- Wharfe Viaduct
- Wharncliffe Viaduct
- White Bridge, Oxton House
- Whitrope Bridge
- Whorlton Bridge
- Wicker Arches
- Widcombe Bridge (Bath)
- Widnes and Runcorn Transporter Bridge
- Willingdon Bridge
- Willington Dene Viaduct
- Willow Burn Bridge
- Wilmington Swing Bridge
- Windmill Bridge
- Windsor Branch Viaduct
- Windsor Railway Bridge
- Wivelscombe Viaduct
- Wolvercote Viaduct
- Wolverton Viaduct
- Woolstone Viaduct
- Wootton Wawen Aqueduct
- Wye Bridge, Tintern
- Wylam Bridge
