Robert Abbott Hadfield

1906.

1912. Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield, Bart. (1858-1940).

1937.

1940.

1940.

Sir Robert Abbott Hadfield, Bart. (1858-1940) of Hadfields

1858 Born in Attercliffe, son of Robert Hadfield (1830-1888)

1891 Robert A Hadfield 32, steel manufacturer, employer, lived with his mother Marianne Hadfield 60, Florence M Hadfield 26, Edith L Hadfield 23

1914 President of the Faraday Society.

1926 Formally opened the new Engineering and Metallurgical Research Laboratories at University of Sheffield

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1939/40 Obituary

Robert Hadfield was born in 1858 and received his technical education at Sheffield Collegiate School and Firth College.

He received his practical training as a metallurgist in his father's works, the Hadfield Steel Foundry Co, and after subsequently occupying various positions of responsibility he took over complete control of the works on the death of his father in 1888.

In 1913 the Company assumed its present title of Hadfields Ltd., at which time Sir Robert was Chairman and Managing Director.

He retained this position up to the time of his death, which took place on 30th September, 1940, at the age of 81.

Sir Robert was responsible for many researches and discoveries in the field of metallurgy and was the author of numerous books and papers; in fact, it is said that he contributed over 200 papers to scientific societies on metallurgical subjects.

1888 Read a paper on Some Novel Properties of Iron and Manganese to the Institution of Civil Engineers.

He was created a knight in 1908 and a baronet in 1917. He was also the possessor of many academic honours and was awarded numerous medals. His fame was world-wide and he was a Commander of the Legion of Honour.

He was elected a Member of the Institution of Automobile Engineers in 1918.

1926 Open the new Engineering and Metalurgical Research Laboratories at the University of Sheffield

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1941 Obituary

Sir ROBERT ABBOTT HADFIELD, Bart., D.Sc., D.Met., F.R.S., was one of the most eminent metallurgists of all time. In the course of his long life he achieved a reputation that is likely to remain unique not only because of his discoveries and researches into the metallurgy of steel, but also because of his ready insight into their commercial possibilities, and his ability to make his scientific achievements benefit the community. Few steelmakers have ever wielded so great an influence, for he used the position which he attained by his own talents to direct and inspire a prodigious amount of highly important research into metallurgical matters; he himself recorded, in 1925, that during the preceding forty years no less than 3,000 steels had been made and tested under his supervision. Undoubtedly the two most far-reaching discoveries associated with his name are manganese steel, on which he carried out his first experiments in 1882, and low-hysteresis silicon steel, which he investigated during the closing years of the nineteenth century.

Sir Robert was born in Sheffield in 1858 and received his education at Sheffield Collegiate School and Firth College. In 1876 he entered the Hecla works of Messrs. The Hadfield Steel Foundry Company, at Attercliffe, which had been established by his father four years previously. His practical training continued until 1882. He also developed his taste for experimental metallurgy in a laboratory which his father provided for him. About this time he began his investigations into iron-manganese alloys which led to his most important discovery, manganese steel. He also found how to heat-treat this alloy to bring out its characteristics to the best advantage, and was quick to see its possibilities as a commercial steel. The same series of experiments foreshadowed his later work on silicon steel, which became of such great importance in its electrical applications.

On the death of his father in 1888 Sir Robert assumed the entire control of the works; and in the same year the firm was incorporated as a limited liability company, with Sir Robert as chairman and managing director. He retained this position with the company for the rest of his life. New and much larger works, known as the East Hecla works, were laid down at Tinsley under his direction in 1897; and the original works at Attercliffe were largely converted into chemical and physical laboratories. Throughout his life Sir Robert, in addition to the management of his firm, maintained a constant and active interest in every kind of research connected with steel and was himself concerned with a large number of important investigations. He was a keen supporter and a valued member of many of the technical institutions, before whom most of his findings were presented in the form of papers and from whom he received a multitude of medals and other distinctions.

Sir Robert joined the Institution in 1888. For a period extending over many years the Institution has been indebted to him in several ways. He was an active member of the Alloys Research Committee and a joint author of the Seventh Report, published in 1905. He also contributed a special paper as a sequel to the Committee's Report entitled "Addendum on Alloys of Iron and Molybdenum", published in 1915. In the same year the London Graduates' Association had the privilege of hearing Sir Robert lecture on "The History of the Metallurgy of Iron and Steel". He was always interested in obtaining and applying information on the testing of hardness of metals by various methods, and contributed a note on the subject jointly with Mr. S. A. Main which was published in the Proceedings for 1919. He served on the Hardness Tests Research Committee from its inception in 1914 and did much to stimulate experimental research in this field by means of prizes which he placed in the gift of the Institution.

In 1908 he was elected a Member of Council and in this capacity he served until 1916, when he was made a Vice-President. He held this office as an active Member of the Council until 1923, when, by a special motion of the Council he was made a perpetual Past-Vice-President, and was in fact the last surviving of the five Past Vice-Presidents to be so elected. He had been an Honorary Member since 1927, and his actual membership therefore covered a period of no less than 52 years. In addition he was a Member of the Institution of Civil Engineers and a Member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. He was also a past-president of the Iron and Steel Institute, the Faraday Society, the Sheffield Metallurgical Society, the Sheffield Society of Engineers and Metallurgists, the Society of British Gas Industries, and the British Commercial Gas Association. In addition he was either a member or honorary member of a vast number of other technical societies in Great Britain, and on the Continent and in the U.S.A. Probably no other metallurgist has received so many honours.

He was created a Knight in 1908 and a baronet in 1917. In 1909 he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society and he was also the recipient of honorary degrees at the Universities of Oxford, Leeds, and Sheffield. He was Master Cutler of Sheffield during 1899-1900, and later became a Freeman of the city, and of the City of London. Moreover, he was an Officer of the Legion of Honour, and was raised to the rank of Commandeur in 1937; he also received the Japanese Order of the Sacred Treasure, and the Italian Order of the Crown of Italy. In later life he took a great interest in the metallurgical work of Faraday; he made a collection of the alloys with which Faraday experimented, and wrote a book entitled "Faraday and his Metallurgical Researches". His most important book, however, was "Metallurgy and its Influence on Modern Progress", published in 1925.

Sir Robert continued to take an active part in the direction of his firm, and maintained his untiring interest in metallurgical research, until his death, which occurred at Kenry House, Kingston Hill, Surrey, on 30th September 1940.

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1940 Obituary

Sir Robert Hadfield, chairman of Hadfields, Ltd., a man distinguished both as a scientific worker and a business man, died at his home at Kingston Hill, Surrey, on September 30, 1940, in his 82nd year.

To succeeding generations throughout the world Hadfield will always be remembered for his discovery of manganese steel and of silicon steel, a piece of research work carried out in his early twenties and responsible for great developments in the industrial uses and applications of steel.

His scientific work did not, however, end here; his work on alloy steels continued, and during forty years he made and tested over 3,000 different specimens. Hadfield also investigated the properties of steel castings, and with the introduction of improved methods of casting, together with a variety of special steels, he developed the firm of Hadfields, Ltd., until it grew to be one of the largest steel-producing firms in the country. Hard-working, painstaking, tireless, Sir Robert was for many years undisputed leader of the iron and steel industry.

Hadfield was born in 1854 at Attercliffe, Sheffield, and was educated at the Sheffield Collegiate School. His father was director of a small steelworks, and the boy was encouraged to experiment with metals at an early age. He showed his keenness and determination at the age of 16 when he refused the offer of a university career and started work with Messrs. Jonas Meyer and Colver.

Later in the same year Hadfield entered his father's laboratory and began the re- search which eventually led to his two famous discoveries. The first patent for manganese steel was taken out in 1883. This alloy steel was found to possess two peculiar properties; it became very tough on quenching, and it was practically non-magnetic and a very poor conductor of heat and electricity. It proved invaluable as a consequence of its high resistance to wear.

In 1884 the first silicon steel was produced. It was used largely for tool steel, and later, on account of its high tensile strength, for shipbuilding and structural purposes. Later, in 1902, Hadfield discovered the remarkable electrical and magnetic properties of this alloy, which resulted in the production of the low-hysteresis steel that is used extensively in electrical apparatus.

On the death of his father in 1888, Hadfield was appointed chairman and managing director of the firm, which now became a limited company. The business expanded rapidly under his chairmanship; he devoted himself whole-heartedly to the work and to the welfare of his employees, and was one of the first men to institute an eight-hour working day.

During the war of 1914-1918 Hadfield put all the resources of his firm at the disposal of his country; the war material produced by the company during this time amounted to a value of about £36,000,000. He also founded and entirely supported a military hospital, organized by Lady Hadfield, at Wimereux, near Boulogne, and subscribed generously to various war charities. Few metallurgists have received as many honours as were awarded to Sir Robert Hadfield.

In 1899 he received the George Stephenson Gold Modal from the Institution of Civil Engineers and in 1902 the Howard Quinquennial Prize. In 1904 he was elected President of the Iron and Steel Institute and awarded the Bessemer Gold Medal. He was knighted in 1908 and created a baronet in 1917 in recognition of his services during the war. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and received honorary degrees from the universities of Oxford, Sheffield, and Leeds.

Hadfield was also elected an honorary member of many foreign scientific institutions and was a Commander of the Legion of Honour and of the Order of the Crown of Italy. Among other distinctions he was awarded the John Fritz Gold Medal by the United States, the Albert Gold Medal of the Royal Society of Arts, and the Trasenter Medal by the Association des Ingenieurs of Liege. Hadfield contributed more than 200 papers, mostly on alloy steels, to various scientific societies, and was the author of two books on metallurgy. The second of these, "Faraday and his Metallurgical Researches," represented the results of an extensive research as a result of which Hadfield paid tribute to Michael Faraday as a pioneer of alloy steels.

A citizen of Sheffield, he did much to develop metallurgical research work at the university. For this and other services he was awarded the Freedom of the City in 1939. He was a staunch Liberal, and worked hard for the well-being of his fellow men, but his many activities would not admit of his standing for Parliament. Nevertheless, his energies were always directed to the advancement of humanity, and throughout his life he remained a hard and tireless worker. He was a great Englishman and a great gentleman.

Sir Robert Hadfield was an Original Member of the Institute of Metals, and served as a Member of Council from 1916 to 1921.

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1940 Obituary.

Sir ROBERT ABBOTT HADEIELD, Bart., D.Sc., F.R.S., who died in London on September 30, 1940, in his eighty-second year, was probably better known to the general public than any other metallurgist; certainly, the inventions and developments in metallurgy that are associated with his name merited for him the greatest recognition, and, in fact, such recognition was made to him during his lifetime.

Sir Robert was born in Sheffield in 1859; he received his general education at the Collegiate School in that city, and, having trained as a chemist, he worked for some time in the firm of Jonas, Meyer and Colver. In 1872 his father set up a works for the production of steel castings—a somewhat bold experiment for the times—and worked up a very successful business. In due course Sir Robert joined his father, and was only twenty-four years old when he took over the control of the firm; he succeeded his father on the death of the latter in 1888, the concern was converted into a limited liability company, and he became Chairman and Managing Director when he was no more than thirty years of age; he held these positions at his death.

Sir Robert’s interest in alloy steels was aroused by reading a pamphlet describing the ferro-manganese alloys shown by the Terre Noire Company in Paris in 1878, and he commenced, in the laboratory belonging to his father’s firm, his investigations on the effect of progressive additions of manganese on carbon steel. It was already known that small additions hardened the steel, but that when the manganese content reached about 3% the alloys became so brittle that they were useless. Sir Robert, however, raised the manganese content to much higher values, with the surprising result that when 12-13% was present an alloy with entirely novel properties was produced. This new steel became softer on being quenched, it was non-magnetic (despite its high content of iron), and offered a remarkable resistance to wear, the surface hardening under the influence of abrasion. This “ manganese steel ” of to-day was discovered in 1882; a full account of it was given to the Institution of Civil Engineers and the Iron and Steel Institute in 1888. The new material found extensive application in the con-struction of machine parts and objects liable to heavy wear, and it was also used in making the protective helmets introduced in the 1914-1918 war.

In the same systematic manner Sir Robert investigated the influence of silicon. In fact, his researches on the manganese and silicon steels had a common origin, for in 1882 he had noticed that a pair of mill-pinions containing 1^% of silicon had a grinding action on one another; at that time he was searching for an improvement on the emery wheels of the day, which were liable to burst, and he hoped to make an abrasive alloy of steel. In his first experimental alloy he incorporated 4% of silicon and 8% of manganese, but it was not a success, so he tried the effects of additions of manganese and silicon separately. Silicon steel was originally developed solely with the idea of obtaining improved physical properties in the cast or rolled form, and large quantities were used for shipbuilding and structural purposes; for example, it was used in the top-sides of the Mauretania and Lusitania on account of its high tensile strength. This research, however, also led to the introduction of the low- carbon silicon steels which possess such valuable electrical properties, including high resistance and low hysteresis, but it was not until about 1902, after years of patient research, that their exploitation began. Metallurgists all over the world took their share in this work, but to Sir Robert belongs the honour of having proved that silicon was not the bugbear that it had previously been considered to be. While Sir Robert’s name will always be associated more parti¬cularly with manganese steel and silicon steel, his interest was in no sense restricted to them only; on the contrary, there is probably no aspect of steel metallurgy to which he did not devote his attention, and the researches carried out by him or under his direction were innumerable. To The Iron and Steel Institute alone he presented twenty-three papers (not counting his Presidential Address), and many more papers were published through a variety of other channels :

• “ On Manganese Steel ” {Journal, 1888, No. I.).
• “ On Alloys of Iron and Silicon ” [Journal, 1889, No. II.).
• “ Aluminium Steel ” [Journal, 1890, No. II.).
• “ Alloys of Iron and Chromium ” [Journal, 1892, No. II.). “ Notes on the Chicago Exhibition ” [Journal, 1893, No. II.).
• “ The Results of Heat Treatment on Manganese Steel and their Bearing upon Carbon Steel ” [Journal, 1894, No. I.).
• “ The Early History of Crucible Steel ” [Journal, 1894, No. II.).
• “ The Production of Iron by a New Process ” [Journal, 1895, No. II.). “ Alloys of Iron and Tungsten ” [Journal, 1903, No. II.).
• “ Experiments relating to the Effect on Mechanical and other Pro¬perties of Iron and its Alloys produced by Liquid Air Temperatures” [Journal, 1905, No. I.).
• “ Sinhalese Iron and Steel of Ancient Origin ” [Journal, 1912, No. I.). “ Method of producing Sound Ingots ” [Journal, 1912, No. II.).
• “On a New Method of revealing Segregation in Steel Ingots ” [J ournal, 1912, No. II.).
• “Heating and Cooling Curves of Manganese Steel” [Journal, 1913, No. II.).
• “ The Magnetic and Mechanical Properties of Manganese Steel (with B. Hopkinson, Journal, 1914, No. I.).
• “ Sound Steel Ingots and Rails ” (with G. K. Burgess, Journal, 1915, No. I.).
• “ The Influence of Carbon and Manganese upon the Corrosion of Iron and Steel ” (with J. Newton Friend, Journal, 1916, No. I.).
• “ Report on Fuel Economy and Consumptions in the Manufacture of Iron and Steel ” (with W. A. Bone, F.R.S., and A. Hutchinson, Journal, 1919, No. II.).
• “Fuel Control in Metallurgical Furnaces” (with R. J. Sarjant, Journal, 1919, No. II.).
• “ Further Communication on Temper-Brittleness of Nickel-Chrome Steel ” (with R. H. Greaves and Miss M. Fell, Journal, 1919, No. II.).
• “ The Metal Manganese and its Properties : also Ores and the Pro¬duction of Ferro-Manganese and its History ” {Journal, 1927, No. I.).
• “Alloys of Iron and Manganese containing Low Carbon” {Journal, 1^21, No. I.).
• “ A Practical Trial of Roofing Sheets of Copper Steels and other Materials ” (with S. A. Main, Journal, 1937, No. II.).

Sir Robert also enriched the literature of metallurgy with the following two books :

• “ Metallurgy and its Influence on Modern Progress ” (1925 : Chapman and Hall, Ltd.).
• “ Faraday and his Metallurgical Researches, with Special Reference to their Bearing on the Development of Alloy Steels ” (1931 : Chapman and Hall, Ltd.).

Sir Robert was the recipient of many honours from all parts of the world. In 1908 he was knighted, and in 1917 he was made a baronet. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1909, and in 1925 he was made an Officer of the Legion of Honour; he was the Master Cutler of Hallamshire in 1899, and in 1917 he received the Freedom of the City of London. He was made an honorary Doctor of Metallurgy by Sheffield University (1911), and an honorary Doctor of Science by Leeds University (1912) and by Oxford University (1927). Among the many medals, awards and premiums which he received the following may be mentioned : The James Forrest Premium of the Institution of Civil Engineers (1906), the Elliott- Cresson Gold Medal of the Franklin Institute (1910), the John Fritz Gold Medal of the Engineering Foundation (1921), and the Thomas Turner Gold Medal awarded by Birmingham University (1923), while the Societe d’Encouragement presented him with their Gold Medal on three occasions, in 1890, 1893 and 1909.

Sir Robert was elected an Honorary Member of no less than twenty-seven scientific and technical institutions at home and abroad, including the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, the Institute of British Foundrymen, the Institution of Welding Engineers (now the Institute of Welding), the Worshipful Company of Blacksmiths, the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers, the American Iron and Steel Institute, the American Society for Metals, the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, the Societe des Ingenieurs Civils de France, the Institut de France (Academic des Sciences), the Royal Swedish Academy, the Societe des Ingenieurs de Liege and the Japanese Iron and Steel Institute. Sir Robert was President of a number of institutions at various times and occupied this post of honour in the Faraday Society for

no less than seven years. He was also a Liveryman of the Gold¬smith’s Company. Sir Robert took a profound interest for many years in the work of The Iron and Steel Institute. He was elected a Member of Council in 1890, and a Vice-President in 1895; in 1905 he commenced the two-year period of office as President. The Bessemer Gold Medal was presented to him in 1904. With the passing of Sir Robert Hadfield the iron and steel industry loses one of its most outstanding figures. The Iron and Steel Institute mourns the death not only of a great metallurgist and industrial leader, but also of a good friend, for Sir Robert was one of the Institute’s warmest supporters. Sir Robert’s membership dated from the year 1879, and thus another link with the past is severed.

The following appreciation of Sir Robert Hadfield was prepared by a member of his research staff : The story of Sir Robert Hadfield’s great achievements, both as an industrialist and as a metallurgist, has many times been told, and with his passing will no doubt be recalled by many well able to assess them. The object here is rather to pay tribute to his personal qualities as revealed to those whose privilege it was to work with him in his metallurgical researches. Life with him was certainly strenuous; to the end of his career he worked sixteen hours a day and did not find it enough. With his control of research activities dividing attention with the affairs of a large company, it can well be understood that the ordinary divisions of the day often counted for little, and that encroachment on their leisure hours was often the lot of members of his staff. He has himself said that mere ability provides no guarantee of success—the royal road is hard work. It was a conviction with him, too, that we. humans require an irritation or spur to bring forth our best efforts. Though to some these conditions may appear unenviable, they had the saving grace that Sir Robert spared himself no more than others. It was quite usual for a batch of his shorthand notes, written in the quiet hours, to appear for attention at the commencement of the daily work. As with other successful men, for him difficulties were made to be surmounted, and persistence in finding a way round was a prominent trait in his character. With small difficulties or im¬pediments, it was his way to clear them at once, and he did not spare the use of any resources, whether, for example, a long-distance telephone or a personal call, to that end. It was so also with avoid¬able delays. For many years his control of affairs in Sheffield had been exercised from his London address, a circumstance which might have proved an almost insuperable handicap to many; yet with his abundant energy, aided by voluminous correspondence, telephone messages and personal visits from the staff, the closest touch was always maintained even in the smallest details of research.

Although at an early age he had shown himself to be endowed with the true spirit of research and had established himself as a master in its pursuit, his procedure was by no means always orthodox. He had a great faith in intuition. In seeking an improvement or explanation of some known fact, his way therefore was rather by a direct shot. It must be admitted that with his wonderful insight he was justified, and more often than not was able to confound those who preferred the more tedious process of elimination.

Perhaps his most striking characteristic was his attention to detail. The ordinary record of an experiment would not serve, but every salient fact, however apparently insignificant, must be noted. Further, the information must be marshalled systematically, and presented in an orderly and clear fashion. He had an uncanny way of putting a wrong interpretation on an ambiguous statement, doubtless in many cases this was deliberate on his part, but it undoubtedly made for preciseness of statement. His thoroughness in this way made it difficult to train new members of the staff up to the necessary standard, but, having achieved it, no doubt was left in their minds as to its value. The recording of every circum¬stance, however small, which is the essence of good research, is, it is to be feared, not practised as generally as it might be. Once a fact had been established by experiment, it must be rendered abundantly clear in its nature and implications, and with a correct sense of proportion. New facts had to be presented in many comparative tables, and if photographs, models or other aids could be useful, no trouble was spared in preparing them. As an example of establishing a true sense of proportion, he always insisted where necessary on photographs having a scale of dimensions or some familiar object incorporated, by which the size of the subject could be gauged. A similar course was taken with photomicrographs, in which ordinarily the indication—say, X 500 quite fails, without concentration of thought, to give an adequate idea of the magnitude of the constituents.

This attention to detail and to clarity extended specially to the preparation of his papers for presentation and publication. The amount of work which was put into these—that is, apart from the experimental work itself—is perhaps hardly realised generally. The reader was always in view, and even at the risk of wearying the better informed, the endeavour was to make the presentation as clear and interesting as possible to those not so conversant with the subject. Attractiveness was cultivated in what might otherwise be a dull subject by—as he used to put it— a little meat on the bare bones. To achieve these ends, proof after proof was prepared and revised, sometimes reaching as many as ten or more, including typescript and printed proofs. The work naturally required the assistance of a very able clerical staff. Sir Robert did not lack for resources, but 1940—ii

lest it should be thought that in this he had a great advantage over many others, the quality of his papers, it must be said, was due much more to the personal effort which he put into them; he personally corrected each of the proofs in its turn until the final result was reached, and one cannot help feeling that a little more of the same consideration and study of the viewpoint of the reader might with great advantage be cultivated generally. There was nothing haphazard, too, about the actual presentation of a paper. The necessary notes were carefully prepared for delivery, but specially a feature was made of exhibits giving ocular demon¬stration of the subject-matter. This was not mere showmanship. To Sir Robert, to present a paper for discussion without exhibits would, as he put it, have been to hold an inquest without ^e body. In this respect, also, he set an example which, it is to be feared, is not by any means followed to the extent that it might be.

The intensity of his researches reached its peak in his research on Faraday’s steel and alloy specimens—a period of long-sustained and strenuous effort on the part of himself and his staff he then being in his seventy-third year ! A research, too, in which, although the world largely gave him credit for the initiation of alloy steels, he took special pleasure in showing that the credit was due to the great Faraday for having been first in the field. He had a profound respect—almost a veneration—for our large scientific and technical societies and institutions, and the brother¬hood of his fellow-members was to him a real bond. He liked his staff to take part in their deliberations and in their administration, to the extent that one sometimes found it embarrassing when prompted by him to take part in a discussion among very prominent scientists, until reassured by their always kindly interest. Pure science had a special attraction for him; he was an omnivorous reader of the scientific journals, and was particularly attracted to progress in the study of the atom and in the approach to the absolute zero of temperature. In all his work he felt that, much as had been learned of the properties of metals, we were far from arriving at the fundamentals, the secrets of which were locked up in the atom itself, and he did not readily bow down to this state of ignorance. In referring to the literature, the amount which he perused was simply enormous, and can only be explained by his extraordinary faculty of getting straight to the points of special interest. Many cuttings came along each day with his markings, inviting our com¬ments and at the same time giving his own in a very shrewd way. It was seldom that he had failed to notice any fact of importance.

In a personal way. Sir Robert was always the Chief, but work with him took on the nature of a companionship. A common interest in his ruling passion for research put anyone on friendly terms with him. He was always approachable, and welcomed frank expressions of opinion, even from junior members of the staff

whose work made them competent to express such opinions. If he found himself opposed to a consensus of opinion among his senior men as to a course of action, he could defer to them, but if his own convictions were too strong, his remark would be “ I will take the responsibility,” and, whatever the result, he honourably did so.

He liked to make public acknowledgment of the services of his scientific staff, and took a transparent pleasure in any honours which came to them. If illness overtook them he was most sympathetic.

That he was congenial to work with is borne out by the length of service of many of those on his staff, and he himself in 1933 publicly expressed his pleasure at finding that no less than fourteen of his principal colleagues had averaged thirty years with him. We have lost a friend as well as a great chief and leader.

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1940 Obituary

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1940 Obituary

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